Chapter 4. Aircraft Weight & Balance
Aircraft Weight & Balance 4-1
Need and Requirements for Aircraft Weighing 4-1
Weight and Balance Terminology 4-2
Datum 4-2
Arm 4-2
Moment 4-3
Center of Gravity 4-3
Maximum Weight 4-3
Empty Weight 4-4
Empty Weight Center of Gravity 4-4
Useful Load 4-4
Minimum Fuel 4-5
Tare Weight 4-5
Procedures for Weighing an Aircraft 4-5
General Concepts 4-5
Weight and Balance Data 4-7
Weight and Balance Equipment 4-13
Scales 4-13
Spirit Level 4-14
Plumb Bob 4-14
Hydrometer 4-15
Preparing an Aircraft for Weighing 4-15
Fuel System 4-15
Oil System 4-16
Miscellaneous Fluids 4-16
Flight Controls 4-16
Other Considerations 4-16
Weighing Points 4-16
Center of Gravity Range 4-17
Empty Weight Center of Gravity Range 4-18
Operating Center of Gravity Range 4-18
Standard Weights Used for Aircraft Weight and Balance 4-18
Example Weighing of an Airplane 4-18
Loading an Aircraft for Flight 4-20
Example Loading of an Airplane 4-20
Weight and Balance Extreme Conditions 4-21
Example Forward and Aft Extreme Condition Checks 4-21
Equipment Change and Aircraft Alteration 4-22
Example Calculation After an Equipment Change 4-22
The Use of Ballast 4-23
Loading Graphs and CG Envelopes 4-25
Helicopter Weight and Balance 4-27
General Concepts 4-27
Helicopter Weighing 4-27
Weight and Balance—Weight-Shift Aircraft and Powered Parachutes 4-29
Weight-Shift Aircraft 4-29
Powered Parachutes 4-30
Weight and Balance for Large Airplanes 4-30
Built-In Electronic Weighing 4-30
Mean Aerodynamic Chord 4-31
Weight and Balance Records 4-32
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