CDI Interpretation. With your receiver properly tuned and checked, rotate the OBS knob until the needle centers. Assume that the needle centers with the 180° course under the index (Fig. 8-2). Your aircraft can be on any heading and at any point over the north/south reference line shown, except over the station or close to it. Approaching inbound from point "I" to point "S", the CDI will deviate from side to side as the aircraft passes directly over the station where no signal is received. Likewise a centered CDI with any other course shown under the index locates your aircraft over either the selected radial or its reciprocal.

Figure 8-2. CDI interpretation.

 To/From Interpretation. With a course of 180° selected under the index, a "TO" indication shows, regardless of heading, whenever your aircraft is located within the approximate hemispherical area north of the 90/270 reference line. A "FROM" indication appears when the aircraft is located south of the approximate 90/270 reference line. Movement across the 90/270 area is indicated by an ambiguous TO/FROM signal. In this area, the resultant of the opposing reference and variable signals, which actuate the TO/FROM indicator, is insufficient to produce a positive "TO" or "FROM" indication. At a speed of 150 knots, the approximate times to cross this area at various distances from the station (Fig. 8-3) are as follows:

     Distance from station        Width (zone of confusion
      (in nautical miles)               at 3000 AGL)
                                              (time in seconds)
             1/2                                 8
              1                                 10
              3                                 25
              5                                 50

 Likewise, with any given course under the index, a "TO" will show whenever your aircraft is located in the hemispherical area approximately 90 degrees on either side of the selected course. "FROM" will show in the other hemisphere. Note that the course index is at the bottom of the dial shown in Figure 8-4.

 CDI and To/From Interpretation. As Figure 8-4 shows the position of the CDI tells you that: You are on a specific radial (or its reciprocal); or you are to the right or left of it; with respect to the course selected.

Figure 8-3. To/From interpretation.

 Movement of the CDI, in conjunction with heading information, tells you:

  1. Of impending station passage.
  2. Wind drift.
  3. Approximate distance from the VOR station.

 Drift correction and time/distance checks will be discussed later in this chapter.

 The TO/FROM indicator locates you in one of two hemispherical areas, depending on the course selected, or in an area of weak signal strength.

 To determine the radial on which you are located:

  1. Note the TO/FROM reading.
  2. If the reading is "FROM", center the CDI by rotation of the OBS knob opposite the direction of CDI deflection. When the needle centers, read the radial under the course selector index.
  3. If the reading is "TO", rotate the OBS knob in the direction of CDI deflection until "FROM" appears and proceed as in the previous step.

 To determine the inbound course to the station from your present position:

  1. Read the inbound magnetic course directly from the reciprocal window, following determination of the radial (if your indicator has no reciprocal window, compute the inbound course arithmetically).
  2. Rotate the reciprocal to the opposite course index to change the "FROM" to a "TO" reading, and the needle will center, provided your aircraft has not moved to another radial. If so, recenter the needle with small adjustments, unless you are close to the station and crossing radials rapidly.

Figure 8-4. VOR orientation.

  3. To "home" to the station, turn to the heading indicated by the course index. Continue to recenter the needle and adjust the heading as necessary. Since homing does not involve drift correction, the aircraft follows a curved path to the station in a crosswind condition.