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Aeronautical Knowledge
Private Pilot
14 CFR part 61, section 61.105.
"(a) General. A person who is applying for a private
pilot certificate must receive and log ground training
from an authorized instructor or complete a homestudy
course on the aeronautical knowledge areas of
paragraph
(b) of this section that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
(1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of
this chapter that relate to private pilot privileges,
limitations, and flight operations;
(2) Accident reporting requirements of the
National Transportation Safety Board;
(3) Use of the applicable portions of the
‘Aeronautical Information Manual' and FAA
Advisory Circulars;
(4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation
using pilotage, dead reckoning, and
navigation systems;
(5) Radio communication procedures;
(6) Recognition of critical weather situations from
the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and
the procurement and use of aeronautical weather
reports and forecasts;
(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft,
including collision avoidance, and recognition and
avoidance of wake turbulence;
(8) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb
performance;
(9) Weight and balance computations;
(10) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants,
and aircraft systems;
(11) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin
recovery techniques for the airplane and
glider category ratings;
(12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment;
and
(13) Preflight action that includes
(i) How to obtain information on runway
lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff
and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts,
and fuel requirements; and
(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the
planned flight cannot be completed or delays are
encountered."
Commercial Pilot
14 CFR part 61, section 61.125.
" (a) General. A person who applies for a commercial
pilot certificate must receive and log ground training
from an authorized instructor, or complete a homestudy
course, on the aeronautical knowledge areas
of paragraph(b) of this section that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
(1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of
this chapter that relate to commercial pilot privileges,
limitations, and flight operations;
(2) Accident reporting requirements of the
National Transportation Safety Board;
(3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of
flight;
(4) Meteorology to include recognition of critical
weather situations, windshear recognition and
avoidance, and the use of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts;
(5) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft;
(6) Weight and balance computations;
(7) Use of performance charts;
(8) Significance and effects of exceeding aircraft
performance limitations;
(9) Use of aeronautical charts and a magnetic
compass for pilotage and dead reckoning;
(10) Use of air navigation facilities;
(11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment;
(12) Principles and functions of aircraft systems;
(13) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency
operations appropriate to the aircraft;
(14) Night and high-altitude operations;
(15) Procedures for operating within the National
Airspace System; and
(16) Procedures for flight and ground training
for lighter-than-air ratings."
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