CHAPTER 4. The Teaching Process
The Teaching Process 4-1
Introduction 4-1
What Is Teaching? 4-2
Essential Teaching Skills 4-2
People Skills 4-2
Subject Matter Expertise 4-2
Management Skills 4-3
Assessment Skills 4-3
Instructor’s Code of Conduct 4-3
Course of Training 4-4
Preparation of a Lesson 4-4
Training Objectives and Standards 4-4
Performance-Based Objectives 4-5
Description of the Skill or Behavior 4-6
Conditions 4-6
Criteria 4-6
The Importance of the PTS in Aviation Training Curricula 4-6
Decision-Based Objectives 4-7
Other Uses of Training Objectives 4-7
Presentation of a Lesson 4-8
Organization of Material 4-8
Introduction 4-8
Attention 4-8
Motivation 4-9
Overview 4-9
Development 4-9
Past to Present 4-9
Simple to Complex 4-9
Known to Unknown 4-9
Most Frequently Used to Least Used 4-9
Conclusion 4-10
Training Delivery Methods 4-10
Lecture Method 4-10
Teaching Lecture 4-10
Preparing the Teaching Lecture 4-10
Suitable Language 4-11
Types of Delivery 4-11
Use of Notes 4-12
Formal Versus Informal Lectures 4-12
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Lecture 4-12
Discussion Method 4-13
Guided Discussion Method 4-13
Use of Questions in a Guided Discussion 4-13
Planning a Guided Discussion 4-14
Student Preparation for a Guided Discussion 4-14
Guiding a Discussion—Instructor Technique 4-14
Advantages 4-15
Problem-Based Learning 4-15
Teaching Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) 4-16
Types of Problem-Based Instruction 4-16
Scenario-Based Training Method (SBT) 4-16
Collaborative Problem-Solving Method 4-17
Case Study Method 4-17
Electronic Learning (E-Learning) 4-18
Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL) Method 4-19
Simulation, Role-Playing, and Video Gaming 4-20
Cooperative or Group Learning Method 4-20
Conditions and Controls 4-20
Demonstration-Performance Method 4-21
Explanation Phase 4-21
Demonstration Phase 4-21
Student Performance and Instructor Supervision Phases 4-21
Evaluation Phase 4-21
Drill and Practice Method 4-21
Conclusion 4-22
Application of the Lesson 4-22
Assessment of the Lesson 4-22
Instructional Aids and Training Technologies 4-22
Instructional Aid Theory 4-22
Reasons for Use of Instructional Aids 4-23
Guidelines for Use of Instructional Aids 4-24
Types of Instructional Aids 4-25
Chalk or Marker Board 4-25
Supplemental Print Material 4-25
Enhanced Training Materials 4-26
Projected Material 4-26
Video 4-27
Interactive CDs and DVDs 4-27
Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL) 4-28
Models, Mock-ups, and Cut-Aways 4-28
Test Preparation Material 4-29
Future Developments 4-29
Chapter Summary 4-29
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