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Circle A circle is a closed, curved, plane figure. [Figure 1-20] Every point on the circle is an equal distance from the center of the circle. The diameter is the distance across the circle (through the center). The radius is the distance from the center to the edge of the circle. The diameter is always twice the length of the radius. The circumference, or distance around, a circle is equal to the diameter times π. Circumference = C = dp The formula for the area of a circle is: Area = π x radius2 = π x r2 Example: The bore, or “inside diameter," of a certain aircraft engine cylinder is 5 inches. Find the area of the cross section of the cylinder.
First, substitute the known values in the formula:
The diameter is 5 inches, so the radius is 2.5 inches. (diameter = radius x 2) A = 3.1416 x (2.5 inches)2 = 3.1416 x 6.25 square inches = 19.635 square inches Ellipse An ellipse is a closed, curved, plane figure and is commonly called an oval. [Figure 1-21] In a radial engine, the articulating rods connect to the hub by pins, which travel in the pattern of an ellipse (i.e., an elliptical or obital path).
Wing Area To describe the shape of a wing [Figure 1-23], several terms are required. To calculate wing area, it will be necessary to know the meaning of the terms “span" and “chord." The wingspan, S, is the length of the wing from wingtip to wingtip. The chord is the average width of the wing from leading edge to trailing edge. If the wing is a tapered wing, the average width, known as the mean chord (C), must be known to find the area. The formula for calculating wing area is: Area of a wing = Span x Mean Chord Example: Find the area of a tapered wing whose span is 50 feet and whose mean chord is 6'8". First, substitute the known values in the formula.
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