Powered Parachute Flying Handbook
 

Chapter 4 — Powerplants

Fuel Contamination

Clean fuel is imperative for the safe operation of a PPC. Of the accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination, most have been traced to:

• Failure to remove contamination from the fuel system during preflight.
• Servicing aircraft with improperly filtered fuel from small tanks or drums.
• Storing aircraft with partially filled fuel tanks.
• Lack of proper maintenance.

Rust is common in metal fuel containers and is a common fuel contaminant. Metal fuel tanks should be filled after each flight, or at least after the last flight of the day to prevent moisture condensation within the tank. Another way to prevent fuel contamination is to avoid refueling from cans and drums. Use a water filtering funnel or a funnel with a chamois skin when refueling from cans or drums. However, the use of a chamois will not always ensure decontaminated fuel. Worn-out chamois will not filter water; neither will a new, clean chamois that is already water-wet or damp. Most imitation chamois skins will not filter water.

Bad Gasoline

Letting fuel sit for weeks without using it will cause it to go bad. Even if gas does not go bad, it will often lose its octane with time. For those that premix gasoline and two-stroke oil, there is another set of problems. Fuel and oil are normally mixed at a 50:1 ratio. If premixed gas sits in a plastic container for a while, the gas will evaporate out leaving a richer oil mixture in the container. In any case, fresh gas should be used as much as possible.

Refueling Procedures

Never mix oil and fuel in an enclosed area. Not only are the fumes irritating, but with the right fuel-air mixture you can cause an explosion. Do all oil and gas mixing outside. Refueling from fuel cans should also be done outside. Never smoke while refueling.

Be careful refueling an aircraft that has just landed. There is the danger of spilling fuel on a hot engine component, particularly an exhaust system component.

Refueling should be done using only safety-approved fuel containers. The fuel containers should be marked with the type of fuel stored in them. Confusing premixed fuel and fuel that has no oil in it can be disastrous.

There are advantages to both metal and plastic containers. Metal cans won’t allow the sun’s ultraviolet rays in to harm the fuel. It also won’t develop static charges like a plastic container may. However, a metal can will be more prone to sweating when going from cool to warm temperatures on humid days. Metal cans and metal gas tanks are best kept either empty, or full of fuel to leave no room for moist air.

Plastic fuel containers are easy to handle, inexpensive, available at discount stores, and do not scratch the finish on airframes. Plastic cans also do not sweat, so they don’t need to be stored topped off. However, fuel does deteriorate a little faster in plastic. Also, plastic containers can get charged with static electricity while sliding around in the bed of a pickup truck, especially if the truck has a plastic bed liner. Many states now have laws prohibiting people from filling plastic containers unless first placed on the ground.

Static electricity can also be formed by the friction of air passing over the surfaces of a powered parachute in flight and by the flow of fuel through the hose and nozzle during refueling, if fueling at a pump. Nylon, Dacron, and wool clothing are especially prone to accumulate and discharge static electricity from the person to the funnel or nozzle. To guard against the possibility of static electricity igniting fuel fumes, a ground wire should be attached to the aircraft before the fuel cap is removed from the tank. The refueling nozzle should then be grounded to the aircraft before refueling is begun, and should remain grounded throughout the refueling process.

The passage of fuel through a chamois increases the charge of static electricity and the danger of sparks. The aircraft must be properly grounded and the nozzle, chamois filter, and funnel bonded to the aircraft. If a can is used, it should be connected to either the grounding post or the funnel. Cell phones should not be used while refueling as they could pose a fire risk.

 
 
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