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FORCES ACTING ON THE AIRPLANE IN FLIGHT
1-1
Terms and Definitions 1-2
Lift 1-3
Gravity (Weight) 1-4
Thrust 1-5
Drag 1-5
Induced Drag 1-5
Parasite Drag 1-5
Relationship Between Angle of Attack and Lift 1-6
Relationship of Thrust and Drag in Straight-and-Level Flight 1-7
Relationship Between Lift and Weight in Straight-and-Level Flight 1-7
Factors Affecting Lift and Drag 1-7
Effect of Wing Area on Lift and Drag 1-7
Effect of Airfoil Shape on Lift and Drag 1-7
Effect of Wing Design on Stall 1-8
Effect of Airspeed on Lift and Drag 1-8
Effect of Air Density on Lift and Drag 1-8
TURNING TENDENCY (TORQUE EFFECT) 1-9
Torque Reaction 1-10
Spiraling Slipstream 1-10
Gyroscopic Precession 1-10
Asymmetric Propeller Loading ("P" Factor) 1-10
Corrections for Turning Tendency or Torque During Flight 1-11
AIRPLANE STABILITY 1-11
Positive Stability 1-11
Neutral Stability 1-11
Negative Stability 1-12
Longitudinal Stability about the Lateral Axis 1-13
Longitudinal Control (Pitch) about the Lateral Axis 1-14
Lateral Stability about the Longitudinal Axis (Dihedral , Sweepback
and Keel Effect) 1-15
Lateral Control about the Longitudinal Axis 1-16
Lateral Stability or Instability in Turns 1-16
Directional Stability about the Vertical Axis (YAW) 1-16
Directional Control about the Vertical Axis (YAW) 1-17
LOADS AND LOAD FACTORS 1-17
Load Factors and Airplane Design 1-18
Effect of Turns on Load Factor 1-18
Effect of Load Factor on Stalling Speed 1-19
Effect of Speed on Load Factor 1-20
Effect of Flight Maneuvers on Load Factor 1-20
Effect of Turbulence on Load Factor 1-21
Determining Load Factors in Flight 1-21
Forces Acting on the Airplane when at Airspeeds Slower than Cruise
1-22
Forces in a Climb 1-22
Forces in a Glide 1-23
Turns During Flight 1-24
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